美首位自动辞职的总统Richard Nixon
更新时间：2013-08-13 01:58:56 来源：美国名人
99 Richard Nixon
99 理查德·尼克松
He broke the New Deal majority, and then broke his presidency on a scandal that still haunts America.
他废除了自罗斯福总统以来实行的大多数新政，接着他用一个至今仍在美国人心中挥之不去的丑闻废了自己的总统生涯。
Richard M. Nixon
Reconciliation was the first goal set by President Richard M. Nixon. The Nation was painfully divided, with turbulence in the cities and war overseas. During his Presidency, Nixon succeeded in ending American fighting in Viet Nam and improving relations with the U.S.S.R. and China. But the Watergate scandal brought fresh divisions to the country and ultimately led to his resignation.
His election in 1968 had climaxed a career unusual on two counts: his early success and his comeback after being defeated for President in 1960 and for Governor of California in 1962.
Born in California in 1913, Nixon had a brilliant record at Whittier College and Duke University Law School before beginning the practice of law. In 1940, he married Patricia Ryan; they had two daughters, Patricia (Tricia) and Julie. During World War II, Nixon served as a Navy lieutenant commander in the Pacific.
On leaving the service, he was elected to Congress from his California district. In 1950, he won a Senate seat. Two years later, General Eisenhower selected Nixon, age 39, to be his running mate.
As Vice President, Nixon took on major duties in the Eisenhower Administration. Nominated for President by acclamation in 1960, he lost by a narrow margin to John F. Kennedy. In 1968, he again won his party"s nomination, and went on to defeat Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey and third-party candidate George C. Wallace.
His accomplishments while in office included revenue sharing, the end of the draft, new anticrime laws, and a broad environmental program. As he had promised, he appointed Justices of conservative philosophy to the Supreme Court. One of the most dramatic events of his first term occurred in 1969, when American astronauts made the first moon landing.
Some of his most acclaimed achievements came in his quest for world stability. During visits in 1972 to Beijing and Moscow, he reduced tensions with China and the U.S.S.R. His summit meetings with Russian leader Leonid I. Brezhnev produced a treaty to limit strategic nuclear weapons. In January 1973, he announced an accord with North Viet Nam to end American involvement in Indochina. In 1974, his Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, negotiated disengagement agreements between Israel and its opponents, Egypt and Syria.
In his 1972 bid for office, Nixon defeated Democratic candidate George McGovern by one of the widest margins on record.
Within a few months, his administration was embattled over the so-called "Watergate" scandal, stemming from a break-in at the offices of the Democratic National Committee during the 1972 campaign. The break-in was traced to officials of the Committee to Re-elect the President. A number of administration officials resigned; some were later convicted of offenses connected with efforts to cover up the affair. Nixon denied any personal involvement, but the courts forced him to yield tape recordings which indicated that he had, in fact, tried to divert the investigation.
As a result of unrelated scandals in Maryland, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in 1973. Nixon nominated, and Congress approved, House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford as Vice President.
Faced with what seemed almost certain impeachment, Nixon announced on August 8, 1974, that he would resign the next day to begin "that process of healing which is so desperately needed in America."
In his last years, Nixon gained praise as an elder statesman. By the time of his death on April 22, 1994, he had written numerous books on his experiences in public life and on foreign policy.
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理查德·米尔豪斯·尼克松（Richard Milhous Nixon，1913年1月9日~1994年4月22日）美国第37位总统（1969年1月20日~1973年1月20日，1973年1月20日~1974年8月9日）
早年
1913年1月9日，尼克松生于美国加利福尼亚州洛杉矶附近的约巴林达镇。爱尔兰人后裔。父亲是汽车加油站和百货店老板。尼克松毕业于惠蒂尔学院和迪克大学。1934年获惠特尔学院学士学位。后进杜克大学专修法学，1937年获法学士学位。1937年至1942 年在加利福尼亚州惠特尔当律师。1938年6月加入共和党。1940年，尼克松与特尔玛·凯瑟琳·罗恩结婚，有两个女儿。1942年至1946年在海军服役，升为海军少校，复员后曾两次入选参议院。
1946年，尼克松当选为美国众议院共和党议员，开始步入政界。1950年当选为美国联邦参议员。1952年，他作为艾森豪威尔的竞选伙伴，当选为美国副总统，任副总统4年。1956年他再度当选为美国副总统。1960年尼克松竞选总统，以微弱票差被约翰·肯尼迪击败，又在1962年竞选加利福尼亚州州长时落败而暂时离开国家权力中枢。竞选失败后，尼克松先后在洛杉矶和纽约从事律师工作。
总统任期
1968年尼克松重返政坛，在当年的美国大选中，他击败民主党人汉弗莱和独立竞选人华莱士，当选为美国第46届（第37任）总统。1972年1月连任第37届总统。执政后，尼克松对内的目标是抑制通货膨胀，重振美国经济。对外，提出尼克松主义，与中华人民共和国直接接触。
尼克松于1972年2月首次访华，打开了两国关系的大门，成为访问中国的第一位美国总统。访华期间中美两国政府发表了著名的《上海公报》。尼克松为打开中美关系大门并为改善和发展中美两国关系作出了重要贡献。1973年，结束了越南战争。同年，苏联领导人回访美国，双方宣告冷战结束。1974年8月8日，尼克松因“水门事件”辞职，成为美国有史以来第一个自动辞职的总统。
在尼克松的任期内，将美国军队撤出了越南，逐渐结束了那场使国家陷入危机的战争。透过乒乓球活动尝试与中华人民共和国建立外交关系，并支持中国进入联合国，史称“乒乓外交”，改善了中美关系。尼克松于1972年2月访华，是美国总统第一次访问一个同美国没有正式外交关系的国家，对中国的7天访问被称为“改变世界的一周”。访华期间中美两国政府发表了著名的《上海公报》。尼克松为打开中美关系大门并为改善和发展中美两国关系作出了重要贡献。中美两国关系正常化，美中苏三角外交的态势开始形成，在很长一段时间里成为决定国际形势发展的重要因素之一。
水门事件
所谓“水门事件”，是指1972年6月17日，在华盛顿水门公寓民主党全国委员会总部查获的窃听事件。当时（6月17日凌晨2点30分）有5人被捕，他们带着手套、电筒、复杂的偷听工具和电子窃听器。事件的起因是由于尼克松吩咐查尔斯·科尔森去搞民主党全委会总部主要负责人拉里·奥布赖恩的情报。可是，由于民主党对此早有提防，而中央情报局又自始至终监视着窃听者的行踪，所以窃听者的一切努力都败露了。这件事发生在美国总统竞选期间，后来追究到“总统竞选连任委员会”中的官员们，一些政府官员先后辞职了。其他一些官员，包括前司法部长约翰·米切尔，前白宫办公厅主任霍尔德曼、前内务部总顾问埃利希曼，由于极力掩盖这个事件而触犯了法律。尼克松则否认这个事件和自己有任何瓜葛。但是法庭强迫他交出那些表明他实际上企图逃避调查的录音磁带，结果他不得不把磁带交了出来。1974年7月8日，最高法院以八票对零票通过了对尼克松不利的裁决。与此同时，报纸社论发出要他辞职的舆论，国会也不停地呼吁，要对他进行弹劾。尼克松于8月7日在给霍尔德曼打电话，告诉他已决定辞职时，他说：“我简直得不到国会的政治支持，而我要继续担任总统是需要这种支持的。我不能眼看由于6 个月或更长时间的弹劾审判，国家陷于，我们的对外政策遭到破坏。”于是他在第二天宣布辞去了总统职务。1个月之后，尼克松被赦免一切与“水门事件”有关的罪名，而20名自认为是代表总统采取行动的总统下属人员都被定了罪。
著作
尼克松1962年写了《6次危机》一书，记叙他自己的生活经历，自道短长，自言甘苦。退出政坛后，他在隐居式生活中大量读书，尤其偏爱政治家的著作。读书之余以笔耕为乐，于70年代末和80年代先后出版了《尼克松回忆录》、《真正的战争》、《领袖们》、《不再有越战》和《1999：不战而胜》、《超越和平》。
