Henry David Thoreau
更新时间：2013-08-13 01:59:08    来源：美国名人

Henry David Thoreau (born David Henry Thoreau; July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862)was an American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.

Thoreau"s books, articles, essays, journals, and poetry total over 20 volumes. Among his lasting contributions were his writings on natural history and philosophy, where he anticipated the methods and findings of ecology and environmental history, two sources of modern day environmentalism. His literary style interweaves close natural observation, personal experience, pointed rhetoric, symbolic meanings, and historical lore; while displaying a poetic sensibility, philosophical austerity, and "Yankee" love of practical detail. He was also deeply interested in the idea of survival in the face of hostile elements, historical change, and natural decay; at the same time imploring one to abandon waste and illusion in order to discover life"s true essential needs.He was a lifelong abolitionist, delivering lectures that attacked the Fugitive Slave Law while praising the writings of Wendell Phillips and defending abolitionist John Brown. Thoreau"s philosophy of civil disobedience influenced the political thoughts and actions of such later figures as Leo Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King, Jr.Thoreau is sometimes cited as an individualist anarchist. Though Civil Disobedience calls for improving rather than abolishing government – "I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government"– the direction of this improvement aims at anarchism: ""That government is best which governs not at all;" and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have."

Early life and education
He was born David Henry Thoreau in Concord, Massachusetts, to John Thoreau (a pencil maker) and Cynthia Dunbar. His paternal grandfather was of French origin and was born in Jersey. His maternal grandfather, Asa Dunbar, led Harvard"s 1766 student "Butter Rebellion", the first recorded student protest in the Colonies.David Henry was named after a recently deceased paternal uncle, David Thoreau. He did not become "Henry David" until after college, although he never petitioned to make a legal name change.He had two older siblings, Helen and John Jr., and a younger sister, Sophia. Thoreau"s birthplace still exists on Virginia Road in Concord and is currently the focus of preservation efforts. The house is original, but it now stands about 100 yards away from its first site.

Portrait of Thoreau from 1854Amos Bronson Alcott and Thoreau"s aunt each wrote that "Thoreau" is pronounced like the word "thorough", whose standard American pronunciation rhymes with "furrow". Edward Emerson wrote that the name should be pronounced "Thó-row, the h sounded, and accent on the first syllable." In appearance he was homely, with a nose that he called "my most prominent feature." Of his face, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote: "[Thoreau] is as ugly as sin, long-nosed, queer-mouthed, and with uncouth and rustic, though courteous manners, corresponding very well with such an exterior. But his ugliness is of an honest and agreeable fashion, and becomes him much better than beauty."Thoreau also wore a neck-beard for many years, which he insisted many women found attractive. However, Louisa May Alcott mentioned to Ralph Waldo Emerson that Thoreau"s facial hair "will most assuredly deflect amorous advances and preserve the man"s virtue in perpetuity."Thoreau studied at Harvard University between 1833 and 1837. He lived in Hollis Hall and took courses in rhetoric, classics, philosophy, mathematics, and science. A legend proposes that Thoreau refused to pay the five-dollar fee for a Harvard diploma. In fact, the master"s degree he declined to purchase had no academic merit: Harvard College offered it to graduates "who proved their physical worth by being alive three years after graduating, and their saving, earning, or inheriting quality or condition by having Five Dollars to give the college." His comment was: "Let every sheep keep its own skin",a reference to the tradition of diplomas being written on sheepskin vellum.

Civil Disobedience and the Walden years: 1845–1849
Thoreau embarked on a two-year experiment in simple living on July 4, 1845, when he moved to a small, self-built house on land owned by Emerson in a second-growth forest around the shores of Walden Pond. The house was not in wilderness but at the edge of town, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from his family home.On July 24 or July 25, 1846, Thoreau ran into the local tax collector, Sam Staples, who asked him to pay six years of delinquent poll taxes. Thoreau refused because of his opposition to the Mexican-American War and slavery, and he spent a night in jail because of this refusal. (The next day Thoreau was freed, against his wishes, when his aunt paid his taxes.) The experience had a strong impact on Thoreau. In January and February 1848, he delivered lectures on "The Rights and Duties of the Individual in relation to Government" explaining his tax resistance at the Concord Lyceum. Bronson Alcott attended the lecture, writing in his journal on January 26:Heard Thoreau"s lecture before the Lyceum on the relation of the individual to the State– an admirable statement of the rights of the individual to self-government, and an attentive audience. His allusions to the Mexican War, to Mr. Hoar"s expulsion from Carolina, his own imprisonment in Concord Jail for refusal to pay his tax, Mr. Hoar"s payment of mine when taken to prison for a similar refusal, were all pertinent, well considered, and reasoned. I took great pleasure in this deed of Thoreau"s.
—Bronson Alcott, Journals (1938)
Thoreau revised the lecture into an essay entitled Resistance to Civil Government (also known as Civil Disobedience). In May 1849 it was published by Elizabeth Peabody in the Aesthetic Papers. Thoreau had taken up a version of Percy Shelley"s principle in the political poem The Mask of Anarchy (1819), that Shelley begins with the powerful images of the unjust forms of authority of his time – and then imagines the stirrings of a radically new form of social action.At Walden Pond, he completed a first draft of A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, an elegy to his brother, John, that described their 1839 trip to the White Mountains. Thoreau did not find a publisher for this book and instead printed 1,000 copies at his own expense, though fewer than 300 were sold.Thoreau self-published on the advice of Emerson, using Emerson"s own publisher, Munroe, who did little to publicize the book. Its failure put Thoreau into debt that took years to pay off, and Emerson"s flawed advice caused a schism between the friends that never entirely healed.In August 1846, Thoreau briefly left Walden to make a trip to Mount Katahdin in Maine, a journey later recorded in "Ktaadn," the first part of The Maine Woods.

Thoreau left Walden Pond on September 6, 1847.[24]:244 Over several years, he worked to pay off his debts and also continuously revised his manuscript for what, in 1854, he would publish as Walden, or Life in the Woods, recounting the two years, two months, and two days he had spent at Walden Pond. The book compresses that time into a single calendar year, using the passage of four seasons to symbolize human development. Part memoir and part spiritual quest, Walden at first won few admirers, but today critics regard it as a classic American work that explores natural simplicity, harmony, and beauty as models for just social and cultural conditions.

1817年7月12日，亨利·戴维·梭罗（Henry David Thoreau，1817-1862）出生于马萨诸塞州的康科德城（Concord, Massachusetts），1837年毕业于哈佛大学，是个品学兼优的学生。毕业后他回到家乡以教书为业。1841年起他不再教书而转为写作。在拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson）的支持下，梭罗在康科德住下并开始了他的超验主义实践。这时期，梭罗放弃诗歌创作而开始撰写随笔，起先给超验主义刊物《日规》（Dial）写稿，其后各地的报纸杂志上都有他的文章问世。 　　梭罗除了被一些人尊称为第一个环境保护主义者外，还是一位关注人类生存状况的有影响的哲学家，他的著名论文《论公民的不服从权利》影响了托尔斯泰和圣雄甘地。1845年7月4日梭罗开始了一项为期两年的试验，他移居到离家乡康科德城（Concord）不远，优美的瓦尔登湖畔的次生林里，尝试过一种简单的隐居生活。他于1847年9月6日离开瓦尔登湖，重新和住在康科德城的他的朋友兼导师拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生一家生活在一起。出版于1854年的散文集《瓦尔登湖》（Walden）详细记载了他在瓦尔登湖畔两年又两个月的生涯。虽毕业于世界闻名的哈佛大学，但他没有选择经商发财或者从政成为明星，而是平静地选择了瓦尔登湖，选择了心灵的自由和闲适。他搭起木屋，开荒种地，写作看书，过着非常简朴、原始的生活。 　　在不同时期，梭罗靠教书与务工过活。他曾经在他家办的铅笔厂工作过，还发明了一种可以简化生产、降低费用的机器。 　　梭罗是拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生的学生和朋友，受爱默生的影响，梭罗也是一位先验主义者。

梭罗曾经旅行到过科德角（Cape Cod）、阿基奥科楚科（Agiokochuk） 和缅因州的卡塔丁山（Mt. Katahdin）。其中的缅因州之行到过卡塔丁（Ktaadn）、车桑库克（Chesuncook）和培诺伯斯科特河（Penobscot River）的东支。 　　梭罗因患肺病1862年5月6日(44岁)死于他的家乡康科德城，并被葬于马萨诸赛州康科德城的斯利培山谷公墓（Sleepy Hollow Cemetery）。 　　1845年7月4日美国独立日这天，28岁的梭罗独自一人来到距康科德两英里的瓦尔登湖畔，建了一个小木屋住了下来。并在此之后根据自己在瓦尔登湖的生活观察与思考，整理并发表了两本著作，即《康考德和梅里马克河上的一周》（A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers）和《瓦尔登湖》（Walden）。 　　在瓦尔登湖生活期间，因为梭罗反对黑奴制（Negro Slavery）拒交“人头税”而被捕入狱。虽然他只在狱中蹲了一宿就被友人在未经他本人同意的情况下，替他代交了税款保其出狱，但这一夜却激发他思考了许多问题。出来后曾有一些市民问他这样一个问题，为什么有许多人宁愿坐牢也不愿意交税。为解释这一问题，他结合自己的亲身体验，写成了著名的政论《抵制国民政府》（Resistance to Civil Government，后改名为Civil Disobedience）。他所宣传的这种依靠个人的力量，“非暴力抵抗”的斗争形式对印度的甘地和美国黑人领袖马丁·路德·金产生了很大的影响。 　　1947年，梭罗结束了离群索居的生活，回到原来的村落。他仍然保持着自己简朴的生活风格，将主要精力投入写作、讲课和观察当地的植物动物。有时候为了得到极其微薄的生活费用，才偶尔离开村子到父亲的铅笔厂工作一些日子。梭罗卒于1862年5月6日，时年44岁。当时在同时代人的眼中，他只不过是一个观念偏执行为怪异的人，一个爱默生的追求者而已。一直到世纪之交他及其著作才得到了广泛和深刻的认识。 　　梭罗于1837年刚进大学时就曾言，他要将圣经中关于一周工作六天休息一天的教义，改为工作一天休息六天。他在瓦尔登湖的生活经历实现了这一愿望。在那里他仅花28美元多一点儿就建成起了自己的栖身的小木屋，每星期花27美分就足以维持生活。为维持这样简朴的生活，他一年只须工作六个星期就可以挣足一年的生活费用，剩下的46个星期去做自己喜欢做的事情。他没有将这宝贵时光浪费掉，而是把它奉献给写作和自然研究。也许有人会说梭罗太懒，终其一生也并未做出任何惊天动地的事业，但是如果你能注意到他在短暂的一生中创作了二十多部一流的散文集时，就会对他的才华和勤奋发出由衷的赞赏。 　　19世纪美国最具有世界影响力的作家、哲学家;梭罗在生前只出过两本书.第一本是他在1849年自费出版的《康科德河和梅里麦克河上的一星期》,此书是他在瓦尔登湖边的木屋里著写的,内容是哥儿俩在两两条河上旅行的一星期中大段大段议论文史哲学和宗教等等.虽精雕细刻,却晦涩难懂,没有引起什么反响,印行1000多册,售出100多册送掉75册,存下700多册,在书店仓库放到1853年,全部腿给了作者,作者本人梭罗曾还诙谐地说:"我家里大约藏书900多册,其中自己著的就有700多册".第二本就是《瓦尔登湖》了,于1854年出版,150年来风行天下，不知出版了多少个版本。他强调亲近自然、学习自然、热爱自然，追求“简单些，再简单些”的质朴生活，提倡短暂人生因思想丰盈而臻于完美。他投入数十载的时间对野生果实、野草及森林演替进行观察研究，写出了《种子的信念》一书。