Ronald Reagan
更新时间：2013-08-13 01:59:21    来源：美国名人

At the end of his two terms in office, Ronald Reagan viewed with satisfaction the achievements of his innovative program known as the Reagan Revolution, which aimed to reinvigorate the American people and reduce their reliance upon Government. He felt he had fulfilled his campaign pledge of 1980 to restore "the great, confident roar of American progress and growth and optimism."

On February 6, 1911, Ronald Wilson Reagan was born to Nelle and John Reagan in Tampico, Illinois. He attended high school in nearby Dixon and then worked his way through Eureka College. There, he studied economics and sociology, played on the football team, and acted in school plays. Upon graduation, he became a radio sports announcer. A screen test in 1937 won him a contract in Hollywood. During the next two decades he appeared in 53 films.

From his first marriage to actress Jane Wyman, he had two children, Maureen and Michael. Maureen passed away in 2001. In 1952 he married Nancy Davis, who was also an actress, and they had two children, Patricia Ann and Ronald Prescott.

As president of the Screen Actors Guild, Reagan became embroiled in disputes over the issue of Communism in the film industry; his political views shifted from liberal to conservative. He toured the country as a television host, becoming a spokesman for conservatism. In 1966 he was elected Governor of California by a margin of a million votes; he was re-elected in 1970.

Ronald Reagan won the Republican Presidential nomination in 1980 and chose as his running mate former Texas Congressman and United Nations Ambassador George Bush. Voters troubled by inflation and by the year-long confinement of Americans in Iran swept the Republican ticket into office. Reagan won 489 electoral votes to 49 for President Jimmy Carter.

On January 20, 1981, Reagan took office. Only 69 days later he was shot by a would-be assassin, but quickly recovered and returned to duty. His grace and wit during the dangerous incident caused his popularity to soar.

Dealing skillfully with Congress, Reagan obtained legislation to stimulate economic growth, curb inflation, increase employment, and strengthen national defense. He embarked upon a course of cutting taxes and Government expenditures, refusing to deviate from it when the strengthening of defense forces led to a large deficit.

A renewal of national self-confidence by 1984 helped Reagan and Bush win a second term with an unprecedented number of electoral votes. Their victory turned away Democratic challengers Walter F. Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro.

In 1986 Reagan obtained an overhaul of the income tax code, which eliminated many deductions and exempted millions of people with low incomes. At the end of his administration, the Nation was enjoying its longest recorded period of peacetime prosperity without recession or depression.

In foreign policy, Reagan sought to achieve "peace through strength." During his two terms he increased defense spending 35 percent, but sought to improve relations with the Soviet Union. In dramatic meetings with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, he negotiated a treaty that would eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles. Reagan declared war against international terrorism, sending American bombers against Libya after evidence came out that Libya was involved in an attack on American soldiers in a West Berlin nightclub.

By ordering naval escorts in the Persian Gulf, he maintained the free flow of oil during the Iran-Iraq war. In keeping with the Reagan Doctrine, he gave support to anti-Communist insurgencies in Central America, Asia, and Africa.

Overall, the Reagan years saw a restoration of prosperity, and the goal of peace through strength seemed to be within grasp.

罗纳德·威尔逊·里根（ Ronald Wilson Reagan ），美国政治家，也是一名伟大的演讲家。在踏入政坛前，里根也担任过运动广播员、救生员、报社专栏作家、电影演员、电视节目演员、和励志讲师，并且是美国影视演员协会（Screen Actors Guild）的领导人。他的演说风格高明而极具说服力，被媒体誉为“伟大的沟通者”(The Great Communicator）。历任总统之中，他就职年龄最大。他是历任总统中唯一一位演员出身的总统。

里根在1980年的选战中击败了现任的吉米·卡特，同时共和党在那年选举中也赢得了26年来首次在参议院过半数的席次。里根推行的经济政策为供应面经济学，被人称为里根经济学，将所得税降低了25%、减少通货膨胀、降低利率、扩大军费开支、增加政府赤字和国债，以暂时解决社会福利的问题，排除了税赋规则的漏洞，继续对商业行为撤销管制，使美国经济在历经1981—1982年的急剧衰退后，于1982年开始了非常茁壮的经济成长。在国内议题上，里根并没有成功的解决如社会福利和堕胎等问题，但他也经由最高法院及其他联邦法院的法官任命而转移了联邦的司法权。他始终强调他对于联邦政府在处理问题上的能力抱持著怀疑态度，尤其是在经济问题方面。他的解决方式是撤回政府的干涉并减少税率和撤销管制，以此让自由市场机制能自动修正所面临的问题。他在就职典礼那天说道：“政府并不是解决问题的方法，政府本身才是问题所在。” 　　

他的支持者盛赞他振奋了美国人在1980年面临的低昂士气和挫折感，并且让积极不干预的资本主义体制超越政府的管制。在对外政策上，他大幅度扩张军备，对苏联的政策则由原本的围堵改为直接的对抗。里根在政治意识形态上贯彻了反共主义与民主资本主义。里根任内也经历了数次严重的政治丑闻—并导致不少官员和幕僚被定罪，但他仍然得以安然度过这些危机。许多的观察家，尤其是美国的保守派，称赞里根是美国得以拖垮苏联的主要功臣。历史学家对此还没有形成共识，一些人认为里根是使苏联于1991年垮台的主要推手 ；一些人则认为苏联于他任内开始的转变，只不过是时间上的巧合。 　　

在里根两届任期结束后，同党的乔治·H·W·布什于1988年的选战中，挟著里根的高昂人气而大获全盛，为共和党60年来首次成功接任的总统。里根的总统任期影响了美国1980年代的文化，80年代常被称为“里根时代”。他也是唯一一个遭到刺客以子弹击中（1981年3月30日）而得以存活的美国总统。1989年退休后里根定居于加州，在罹患阿兹海默症的10年后，于2004年死于肺炎，享年93岁，并获得了隆重的国葬。